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The free culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works in the form of free content〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What does a free culture look like? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What is free culture? )〕 by using the Internet and other forms of media. The movement objects to over-restrictive copyright laws. Many members of the movement argue that such laws hinder creativity. They call this system "permission culture."〔Robert S. Boynton: ''(The Tyranny of Copyright? )'' The New York Times, January 25, 2004〕 Creative Commons is an organization started by Lawrence Lessig which provides licenses that permit sharing under various conditions, and also offers an online search of various Creative Commons-licensed works. The free culture movement, with its ethos of free exchange of ideas, is aligned with the free software movement. Richard Stallman, the founder of the GNU project, and free software activist, advocates free sharing of information. He famously stated that free software means free as in "free speech," not "free beer".〔Richard Stallman: "(Open Source Misses the Point )", GNU project, 2007〕 Today, the term stands for many other movements, including Open access (OA), the hacker culture, the access to knowledge movement, the Open Source Learning and the copyleft movement. The term “free culture” was originally used since 2003 during the World Summit on Information Society〔WSIS (2001). ("PCT WORKING GROUP EVENT" )〕 to present the first free license for artistic creation at large, initiated by the Copyleft attitude team in France since 2001 (named free art license). It was then developed in a 2004 book by Lawrence Lessig.〔Quart, Alissa (2009). ("Expensive Gifts" ), ''Columbia Journalism Review'', 48(2).〕 == Background == In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act which President Clinton signed into law. The legislation extended copyright protections for twenty additional years, resulting in a total guaranteed copyright term of seventy years after a creator's death. The bill was heavily lobbied by music and film corporations like Disney, and dubbed as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. Lawrence Lessig claims copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation, and that private interests – as opposed to public good – determine law. He travelled the country in 1998, giving as many as a hundred speeches a year at college campuses, and sparked the movement. It led to the foundation of the first chapter of the Students for Free Culture at Swarthmore College. In 1999, Lessig challenged the Bono Act, taking the case to the US Supreme Court. Despite his firm belief in victory, citing the Constitution's plain language about "limited" copyright terms, Lessig only gained two dissenting votes: from Justices Stephen Breyer and John Paul Stevens. In 2001, Lessig initiated Creative Commons, an alternative "some rights reserved" licensing system to the default "all rights reserved" copyright system. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「free culture movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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